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1. Spectral Discrimination Of Early Dchinochloa Crasgalli And Echinochloa Crusgalli In Corn And Soybean By Using Support Vector MachinesThe key to realize precise chemical application is weed identification. This paper introduces a kind of multi-classification mode based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) and one-against-one-algorithm for weed seedlings (Dchinochloa crasgalli, and Echinochloa crusgalli) in corn and soybean fields. A handheld FieldSpec® 3 Spectroradiometer manufactured by ASD Inc., in USA was used to measure the spectroscopic data of the canopies of the seedlings of corn, soy... W. Deng, G. Wu |
2. A Comparison Of Conventional And Sensor-based Lime Requirement MapsSuccessful variable-rate applications of agricultural inputs, such as lime, rely on quality of input data. Systematic soil sampling is... A.K. Jonjak, V.I. Adamchuk, C.S. Wortmann, C.A. Shapiro, R.B. Fergugson |
3. Development Of A System For Site-specific Nematicide Placement In CottonNematode distribution varies significantly in cotton fields. Population density throughout a field is highly correlated to soil texture. Field-wide application of a uniform nematicide rate results in the chemical being applied to areas without nematodes or where nematode densities are below an economic threshold, or the application of sub-effective levels in areas with high nematode densities. The investigators have developed a “Site- Specific Nematicide Placement”... A. Khalilian, W. Henderson, J. Mueller, T. Kirkpatrick, S. Monfort, C. Overstreet |
4. A Clustering Approach For Management Zone Delineation In Precision AgricultureIn recent years, an increasing amount of research has been devoted to the delineation of management zones. There have been quite a number of approaches towards using small-scale data for subdividing the field into a small number of zones, usually three or four. However, these zones are usually static, often require multi-year data sets and are based on low-resolution sampling methods for data acquisition. Furthermore, existing research into th... G. Ru, M. Schneider, R. Kruse |
5. On The Go Soil Sensor For Soil Ec MappingThis paper describes spatial variation maps of soil electrical conductivity (EC) obtained by both spectroscopic and capacitance methods using on the go soil sensor ( a real-time soil sensor -RTSS) SAS 1000, commercialized by Shibuya Kogyo Co. The experiments were conducted over a 2 year period on an experimental Hokkaido farm with an alluvial soil type. The comparison in soil EC records between the spectroscopy and the capacitance were also discussed. The spectroscopic approach used the soi... N. Sulastri, S. Shibusawa, M. Kodaira |
6. Using Multiplex® And GreenseekerTM To Manage Spatial Variation Of Vine Vigor In ChampagneSébastien Debuisson1, Marine Le Moigne2, Mathieu Grelier1, Sébastien Evain2, Laurent Panigai1, Zoran G. Cerovic3 1CIVC, 5 rue Henri-Martin, boîte postale 135, Epernay, France 2Force-A, Université Paris Sud, Bât 503, Orsa... S. Debuisson, L. Marine |
7. Spatial Mapping Of Penetrometer Resistance On Turfgrass Soils For Site-specific CultivationSite-specific management requires site-specific information. Soil compaction at field capacity is a major stress on recreational turfgrass sites that requires frequent cultivation. Spatial mapping of penet... K. Rice, T. Carson, J. Krum, I. Flitcroft, V. Cline, R. Carrow |
8. Nitrogen Loss In Corn Production Varies As A Function Of Topsoil DepthUnderstanding availability and loss potential of nitrogen for varying topsoil depths of poorly-drained claypan soil landscapes could help producers make improve decisions when managing crops for feed grain or bio-fuels. While it has been well documented that topsoil depth on these soils plays an important role in storing water for crop growth, it is not well known how this same soil... E. Allphin, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Suddeth, A. Thompson |
9. The Soil P2O5 Mapping Using The Real Time Soil SensorMany researches related to P2O5 measurement using Vis-NIR spectroscopy have been performed in laboratory. There are not so many researches to perform on-the-go measurement of P2O5. One of the researches which performe... M. Kodaira, Y. Nagami, S. Shibusawa, R. Kanda |
10. Spatial Variability Analyse And Correlation Between Physical Chemical Soil Attributes And Sugarcane Quality ParametersWith the high increment in the ethanol demand, the trend is that the planted area with sugar cane in Brazil will increase from the actual 7 million ha up to 12 million ha in 15 years. The sugar cane expansion demands, beyond the enlargement of the boundaries with the installation of new industrial units, better use of the production areas and improvement of the yield and quality, together with production costs reduction. In such a way, the adoption of Precision Ag... F. Rodrigues jr, P.S. Maglh, D.G. Cerri |
11. Dozen Parameters Soil Mapping Using The Real-time Soil SensorA Real-time soil sensor (RTSS) can be predicted soil parameters using near-infrared underground soil reflectance sensor in commercial farms. ... M. Kodaira, S. Shibusawa, K. Ninomiya |
12. Spatial Variability Of Measured Soil Properties Across Site- Specific Management ZonesThe spatial variation of productivity across farm fields can be classified by delineating site-specific management zones. Since productivity is influenced by soil characteristics, the spatial pattern of productivity could be caused by a corresponding variation in certain soil properties. Determining the source of variation in productivity can help achieve more effective site-specific management, the objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical pro... M. Mzuku, R. Khosla, R. Reich, G. Http://icons.paqinteractive.com/16x16/ac, F. Smith, L. Macdonald |
13. Spatial-temporal Management Zones For Biomass MoistureBiomass handling operations (harvesting, raking, collection, and transportation) are critical operations within the agricultural production system since they constitute the first link in the biomass supply chain, a fact of substantial importance considering the increasingly involvement of biomass in bio-refinery and bio-energy procedures. Nevertheless, the inherent uncertainty, imposed by the interaction between environmental, biological, and machinery factors, makes the available sched... S. Fountas, D. Bochtis, C. Sorensen, O. Green, R. J, T. Bartzanas |
14. Interaction Between Air Spray Drift And Climatic Conditions Creating Drift Map Related To The Aerial Application Of Pesticides Using Low Volumes In BrazilBetween 30 to 50% of the pesticides total applied over agricultural areas can be lost by the air, depending of the applying conditions, by the spray drift action. This spray drift problem is increased when the field is too close to the urban locations, bringing environmental contamination, and when the application is made with oil on the tank mixture. The society demands ... F. Baio, U. Antuniassi |
15. A Case Study For Variable-rate Seeding Of Corn And Cotton In The Tennessee Valley Of AlabamaFarmers have recently become more interested in implementing variable-rate seeding of corn and cotton in Alabama due to increasing seed costs and the potential to maximize yields site-specifically due to inherent field variability. Therefore, an on-farm case study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of variable-rate seeding for a corn and cotton rotation.... S.H. Norwood, J.P. Fulton, A.T. Winstead, J.N. Shaw, D. Rodekohr, C.J. Brodbeck, T. Macy |
16. Estimating Soil Moisture And Organic Matter Content Variabality Using Electromagnatic Induction MetodAbstract: Electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods are gaining popularity due to their non-destructive nature, rapid response and ease of integration into mobile platforms for assessment of the soil moisture content, water table depth, and salinity etc. The objective of this study was to estimate and map soil moisture content and organic matter content using Dua... A. Farooque, Q. Zaman, A.W. Schumann, D.C. Percival, T.J. Esau, T. Stauffer |
17. Assessment Of The Success Of Variable Rate Seeding Based On EMI MapsGood plant establishment is the critical first step in growing a crop. To achieve this, the correct seed rate must be calculate. This is done by assessing the optimum target plant population per m² and then making an estimate of any losses over winter. Losses will depend on the quality of seedbed created which is related to texture, stoniness and compaction of the soil. If there is any variation in these field characteristics then the correct see... S. Griffin, M. Darr |
18. Spatio-temporal Analysis Of Atrazine Degradation And Associated Attributes In Eastern Colorado SoilsAtrazine catabolism is an example of a rapidly evolved soil microbial adaptation. In the last 20 years, atrazine-degrading bacteria have become globally distributed, and many soils have developed enhanced capacities to degrade atrazine, reducing its half-life from 60 to a few days or less. While the presence of atrazine-degrading bacteria determine a soil's potential to catabolize at... M. Stromberger, R. Khosla, D. Shaner, D. Zach |
19. Validation Of On-the-go Soil Ph-measurements – Primary Results From GermanyUntil recently in-field variability for soil pH could not be considered for agronomic decisions (e.g. liming rates) because reliable spatial information was hardly available. The required density of soil pH-measurements could not be achieved by manual soil sampling due to time constraints and analysis costs for the vast number of samples. A compreh... H. Olfs, D. Trautz, A. Borchert |
20. Carbohydrate Reserves On Tapping Systems And Production Of Hevea BrasiliensisCARBOHYDRATE RESERVES ON TAPPING SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTION OF Hevea brasiliensis Chantuma P1., Lacointe A2., Kasempsap P3., Thanysawanyangkura S4., Gohet E5., Clément A6., Guilliot A7., Améglio T2., Thaler P8. and Chantuma A1. 1 Agriculture Scientist Senior, Chachoengsao Rubber Research Center, RRIT-DOA, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Sanam Chai Ket, Thailand. 2 INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-60100 Clermont-Ferrand, France. 3 Departmen... D. Chantuma, M. Zaller |
21. Spatial Variability Of Important Soil Characteristics In Semiarid Ecosystems, A Case Study In Arsanjan Plain, Southern IranTimely information on the content and distribution of key soil nutrients in highly calcareous ecosystems is vital to support precision agriculture. Efficient tools to measure within-field spatial variation in soil are important when establishing agricultural field trials and in precision farming. Therefore, soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth in highly calcareous soils (Arsanjan plain) and chemically analyzed for nitrate (NO3-), e... M.P. Baghernejad, M.M. Emadi |
22. Does Pasture Longevity Under Direct Grazing Affect Field-scale Sorghum Yield Spatial Variability In Crop-pasture Rotation Systems?Crop yield spatial variability is usually related to terrain attributes and soil properties. In pasture systems, soil properties are affected by animal grazing. However, soil and terrain attributes relation with crop yield variability has not been assessed in crop-pasture rotat... V. Pravia, J.A. Terra, Roel |
23. Application Of A Canopy MultisensorThe MobilLas mobile canopy sensor was initially developed for variable rate fertilisation and plant protection. Because of the several canopy variables sensed the sensor has wider application in crop and soil variability studies, detailed crop water balance studies, spatial modelling of p... A. Thomsen, K. Schelde |
24. Site-specific Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization Of Alfalfa: Fertilizer Usage And Sampling Density ComparisonAlfalfa accounts for the largest cropping area in both the High Desert and Intermountain regions in California, and the use of site-specific management (SSM) can potentially improve farmers’ fertilization practices and crop nutritional status. These areas have limited to no studies regarding nutrient SSM, and variable rate (VR) fertilizer application has not been commonly used by farmers in either area. Considerable range of soil nutrient levels have... A. Biscaro, S. Orloff |
25. Impact Of Winter Grazing On Forage Biomass Topography Soil Strength Spatial RelationshipsSpatial relationships between soil properties, forage productivity, and landscape can be used to manage site-specific grazing. Soil penetration resistance and forage biomass were collected for three years in winter grazing experiment. The three ha experimental area was divided into six paddocks, hay was cut twice per year in the months of May and June, and forage stockpiled after the second cutting. Animals were admitted to paddocks at the end of November, at a stocking r... E.M. Pena-yewtukhiw, D. Mata-padrino, W. Bryan |
26. Spatial Variability Of Spikelet Sterility In Temperate Rice In ChileSpikelet sterility (blanking) causes large economic losses to rice farmers in Chile. The most common varieties are susceptible to low air and water temperatures during pollen formation and flowering, which is the main responsible for the large year to year variation observed in terms of blanking and, therefore, of grain yield. The present work had for objective to study the spatial variability of spikelet sterility within two rice fields, during two consecutive seasons, and relate it to water... R.A. Ortega, D.E. Del solar, E. Acevedo |
27. Spatial And Temporal Changes In Atrazine Degradation Rates In SoilAtrazine is a widely used soil-applied herbicide to control many broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sugarcane, and non-cropland areas. Atrazine is also found as a contaminant in surface and ground water. One of the strengths and weaknesses of atrazine has been the long residual activity in the soil that provides good weed control but also increases the leaching of the herbicide. In the las... D. Shaner |
28. Measuring Multi-depth Soil Moisture Content In A Vertisol Soils With EM38Over the years, electromagnetic induction sensors, such as EM38, have been used to monitor soil salinity or local electrical conductivity (ECa) and their output has been instrumented in establishing models for depth profiling of ECa. In the previous work both the forward propagation and inverse matrix approaches offered potential to produce depth profiles of soil ECa. However, it remains a question whether EM38 is able to measure v in different depths. This present study concerns itse... B. Hossain |
29. Spatial Variation Patterns Of Soil Properties And Winter Wheat Growth Parameters In China National Experiment Station For Precison AgricultureUnderstanding of spatial patterns of soil properties and crop growth and their relationship is neccesary for variable-rate management of farmland in precision agriculture. This paper presents spatial variation patterns of soil properties such as depth of soil diagnostic horizons, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, soil solution nutrients concentration, and winter wheat growth and yield parameters in China National Experiment Station for Precison A... X. Xue, L. Chen |
30. Response and Positioning Accuracy of a Variable-Rate Aerial Application System and Use of Enhanced Imagery for Creation of Prescription MapsExperiments were conducted to evaluate a variable rate aerial application system in the field, and experiences with iterative system improvement are outlined. Spray cards placed in the field determined application accuracy, and system... Y. Huang, S.J. Thomson |
31. Current Status and Future Directions of Precision Aerial Application For Site-Specific Crop Management In The USAPrecision agriculture includes different technologies that allow agricultural professional to use information management tools to optimize agriculture production. The new technologies allow aerial application applicators to improve application accuracy and efficiency, which saves time and money for the farmer and the pilot. The USDA-ARS-Aerial Application Technology group has an active research component in precisi... W.C. Hoffmann, Y. Lan |
32. Ultra-low Altitude and Low Spraying Technology Research in PaddyAerial application has characteristics of low-volume, small droplet, and possibility of drift. To control rice planthopper, leaf roller and blast, the research aimed at screening agrichemicals and determining the feasibility of using high concentration of conventional dosage for aerial application. The results showed that... Y. Lan, X. Xue |
33. Ground-Based Spectral Reflectance Measurements for Evaluating the Efficacy of Aerially-Applied Glyphosate TreatmentsAerial application of herbicides is a common tool in agricultural field management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate herbicide applied aerially with both conventional and emerging aerial nozzle technologies. A Texas A&M University Plantation weed field wa... Y. Lan, H. Zhang |
34. Differentiation of Cotton from Other Crops at Different Growth Stages Using Spectral Properties and Discriminant AnalysisTimely detection and remediation of volunteer cotton plants in both cultivated and non-cultivated habitats is critical for completing boll weevil eradication in Central and South Texas. However, timely detection of cotton p... H. Zhang, Y. Lan |
35. Development of a PWM Precision Spraying ControllerThis paper presents a new p... Y. Lan, H. Zhu |
36. Sampling Size Study for Canopy Spectral Reflectance Measurements... K. Pavuluri, T. Wade |
37. Potential Applications of Low-Altitude Remote Sensing (LARS) with Radio-Controlled Helicopter Platforms: Case Studies on Nutrient and Pest Management under Agricultural Systems in Developing Countries... H.P. Jayasuriya |
38. Precision Sensors For Improved Nitrogen Recommendations In WheatCrop sensor-based systems with developed algorithms for making mid-season fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations are commercially available to producers in some parts of the world. Although there is growing interest in these technologies by grain producers in Montana, use is limited by the lack of local research under Montana’s semiarid conditions. A field study was carried out at two locations in 2011, three locations in 2012, and two locations in 2013 in North West Mont... O.S. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens |
39. Evaluating Different Nitrogen Management Strategies For The Intensive Wheat-Maize System In North China PlainThe sustainable agricultural development involves both environmental challenges and production goals to meet growing food demand. However, excessive nitrogen (N) applications are threatening the sustainability of intensive agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). Improved N management should result in greater N use efficiency (NUE) and producer profit while reducing the risk of environmental contamination. Therefore, developing and disseminating feasible N management strategi... Q. Cao, Y. Miao, G. Feng, F. Li, B. Liu, X. Gao, Y. Liu |
40. Nitrogen Fertilisation Recommendations : Could They Be Improved Using Stochastically Generated Climates In Conjunction With Crop Models ?In the context of precision nitrogen (N) management, to ensure that the yield potential could be reached each year, farmers have too often applied quantities of fertilizers much larger than what was strictly required. However, since 2002, the Belgian Government transposed the European Nitrate Directive 91/676/EEC in the Belgian law, with the aim to maintain the productivity and the revenue of Belgian's farmers while reducing the environmental impact of excessive N management... B. Basso, J. Destain, B. Bodson, M. Destain, B. Dumont |
41. Precision Nutrient Management In Cotton At Different Yield Targets In Northern Transitional Zone Of KarnatakaNutrient management in cotton is complex due to the simultaneous production of vegetative and reproductive structures during the active growth phase. Lot of spatial variation in soil available nutrients is observed under similar management situation. In view of this an experiment ... C.C. Pgowda |
42. Variable-Rate Application Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilizers In Louisiana Sugarcane Production Systems.If sugar and cane yields are to be optimized and profitability improved, it is critical that a sugarcane crop receive the proper levels of plant nutrients. Under-fertilization can result in reduced cane yields, while over-fertilization can reduce sugar recovery. In addition, improper fertilization may increase crop susceptibility to environmental stresses and disease and insect pests. Nitrogen (N) continues to be one of the most important and co... B.J. Viator, R.M. Johnson |
43. Estimation Of Nitrogen And Chlorophyll Content In Wheat Crop Using Hand Held SensorsA Field experiment was conducted to estimate crop nitrogen (N) status and chlorophyll content in wheat crop by using chlorophyll content meter(Apogee’s CCM-200) and N-Tester® (Make YARA International). The experiment was conducted by sowing university recommended wheat variety viz. PBW 550 with 5 nitrogen levels i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 & 150 kg N/ha. It was found that at tillering stage when nitrogen rates were increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1 , the... M.S. Makkar, A. Kaul, R. Kumar, A. Sharma, B.S. Sekhon, C.S. Pannu |
44. Multilayer And Multiyear Data Analysis In Precision Yield PlanningThis work covers two separate field experiments. In the first one, the results of 1-ha grid soil analysis for soil organic matter (OM), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrate N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and soluble salts were compared with the results of yield mapping, biomass index from optical on-the-go sensors, as well as multispectral imagery analysis for the last 30 years. As a result, it was found that none of the analyzed soil characteristics was predominant for determining yiel... A. Melnitchouck |
45. Response Of Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana Kunth) To Variable Rate Application Of Irrigation Water And Fertilizer NitrogenRhodes grass is cultivated extensively in Saudi Arabia under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. The research work was carried out to optimize irrigation water and fertilizer nitrogen levels for the crop. The objectives of the study were: 1. To delineate the field in to management zones, 2. To study the effects of variable rate application (VRA) of irrigation water and fertilizer nitrogen on the yield of Rhodes grass. A field experiment was carried out fro... V. Patil, R. Madugundu, E. Tola, S. Marey, D.J. Mulla, S.K. Upadhyaya, K.A. Al-gaadi |
46. Optical Sensors To Predict Nitrogen Demand By SugarcaneThe low effectiveness of nitrogen (N) from fertilizer is a substantial concern in worldwide which has been threatening the sustainability of sugarcane production. The increment of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by sugarcane genotypes associated to the best practices of fertilizer management and nutritional diagnosis methods have higher potential to reduce environment impacts of nitrogen fertilization. Due to the difficult to determine N status in soil test as well as there is not... O.T. Kolln, G.M. Sanches, J. Rossi neto, S.G. Castro, E. Mariano, R. Otto, R. Inamasu, P.S. Magalhães, O.A. Braunbeck, H.C. Franco |
47. Effect Of Land Use Over Spatial Variability Of Nitrogen Mineralization And Some Of Chemical Soil Properties In Mirabad Area Of IranAbstract Any changes in ecosystem conditions and land management impact on ecology of soil inorganic nitrogen. Understanding of the biology soil is increasingly important for sustainable ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability and zoning of nitrogen mineralization, organic carbon and calcium carbonate influenced by the user of apple orchards, crop production and pasture, and compare the two interpola... E. Nabizadeh, S. Kaboodi |
48. Research On Measurement Device For NO3- Ion Concentration Of Nutrient SolutionThe management of water and ion concentration in nutrient solution is crucial in precision agriculture. Poor management may leads to the increasing of energy consumption and cost as well as low efficiency. The measurement of ion concentration in nutrient solution is prerequisite for optimal control and management of nutrient solution. Real-time detection of NO3-, as an important component of nitrogenous fertilizer, is always a big problem over the world. Th... X. Zhang, Y. Li, K. Xu, X. Sun |
49. Site Specific Drip FertigationTwo test plots, one from high fertility zone and one from low fertility zone were identified and delineated with the help of GPS for raising the test crop. Soil samples were collected from the experimental sites one month before planting. The samples were analyzed for available N, P and K. Site specific nutrient recommendations were made using the Decision Support System for Integrated Fertilizer Recommendation (DSSIFER) software (Murugappan et al. 2004) for optimum yie... A.H. V.m. |
50. Precision Nutrient Management For Enhancing The Yield Of Groundnut In Peninsular IndiaGroundnut is an important oil seed crop grown in an area of around 8 lakh hectares in Karnataka state of India under rainfed conditions. In these situations farmers applied inadequate fertilizer without knowing the initial nutrient status of the soil which resulted in low nutrient use efficiency that intern lead to low productivity of groundnut in these areas. Soil fertility deterioration due to... M. Giriyappa, T. Sheshadri, D. Hanumanthappa, M. Shankar, S.B. Salimath, T. Rudramuni, N. Raju, N. Devakumar, G. Mallikaarjuna, M.T. Malagi, S. Jangandi |
51. The Most Sensitive Growth Stage To Quantify Nitrogen Stress In Sugarcane Using Active Crop Canopy SensorThe use of sensors that allow the application of nitrogen fertilizer at variable rate has been widely used by researchers in many agricultural crops, but without success in sugarcane, probably due to the difficulty of diagnosing the nutritional status of the crop for nitrogen (N). Active crop canopy sensors are based on the principle that the spectral reflectance curve of the leaves are modified by N level. Researchers in USA indicated that in-season N stress in corn can be dete... S.G. Castro, O.T. Kolln, H.S. Nakao, H.C. Franco, O. Braunbeck, P.S. Graziano magalhães, G.M. Sanches |
52. Nutrient Expert Software For Nutrient Management In Cereal CropsMany countries in Asia have started replacing blanket fertilizer recommendations for vast areas of rice, maize, or wheat with more site-specific guidelines adapted to local needs. This process has been accompanied with a shift from traditional on-station research to on-farm development and evaluation of novel practices. A key challenge faced by the local extension agencies remains the complex nature of factors influencing nutrient requirements. To aid in this process, the ... M. Pampolino, K. Majumdar, S. Phillips |
53. Precision Nutrient Management Through Use Of LCC And Nutrient Expert In Hybrid Maize Under Laterite Soil Of IndiaNutrient management has played a crucial role in achieving self sufficiency in food grain production. Energy crisis resulted in high price index of chemical fertilizers. Coupled with their limited production, fertilizer cost, soil health, sustainability and pollution have gave rise to interest in precision nutrient management tools. Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of variety and nutrient management on the growth and productivity of maize under lateritic belt of West Be... M. Banerjee, S. Dutta, G. Bhuiya, G. Malik, D. Maiti |
54. Comparison Of The Variable Potassium Fertilization On The Light And Heavy SoilsIntroduction. Determination of the spatial variability of the nutrient levels in soil facilitated adaptation of the fertilizer doses to the soluble forms availability. Nowadays, an increasing use of this method of the fertilizer application is observed, with this being associated with both economical and environmental advantages, as well as, with growing assortment of the purpose-built agricultural instrumentation. An accurate determination of the spatial distri... P. Grocholski, P. Stepien, G. Kulczycki, A. Michalski |
55. Beyond The 4-Rs Of Nutrient Management In Conjunction With A Major Reduction In TillageAgribusiness and government agencies have embraced the 4-R concept (right form, rate, time, and place) to improve nutrient management and environmental quality. No-ti... J.S. Schepers, B. Mclure, G. Swanson |