Agricultural Systems, Soil Health, and Sustainability Challenges   Agricultural systems worldwide are impacting soil health conditions, ultimately leading to reduced productivity. In some countries, the expansion of the agricultural frontier is affecting forested areas. The improper use of agricultural inputs and inefficient water management necessitate alternative approaches to sustain food production within a more sustainable model.   While increasing productivity is imperative, environmental conservation must remain a priority. Ensuring the long-term health and productivity of soils is crucial for future generations. Smart farming applications based on Earth Observation (EO) have demonstrated their potential to reduce water, fertilizer, and pesticide consumption by approximately 20% while maintaining production levels. The challenge of increasing yields in existing agricultural areas, minimizing environmental impact, optimizing input use, and reducing costs are strategic indicators guiding the path toward sustainability. Gaining a deeper understanding of crop behavior and its interaction with climate and soil will enable better decision-making and promote environmentally friendly management practices.   Limitations of Current EO-Based Crop Monitoring   Most EO-based crop monitoring tools rely heavily on optical satellite data. However, in regions with persistent cloud cover, the effectiveness of these applications is significantly limited. Additionally, in an effort to maintain continuous data availability, missing ...more

Precision agriculture began to gain momentum in the early 1990s. The implementation of production monitors initially focused on corn and soybean crops. However, significant advancements were made, such as Graeme Cox’s contributions in 1996, which led to the development of production maps for sugarcane. Later, in Brazil, the concept was refined and validated for use in both manual harvesting with sugarcane loaders and mechanical harvesters.   In Colombia, the first equipment (production monitor) for sugarcane harvesting arrived in 2007, along with the necessary concepts for understanding and utilizing this technology. This initiative was driven by one of the oldest sugar mills, which implemented production maps in sugarcane loaders and harvesters across approximately 40,000 hectares.   Initially, sensors for rotation, elevation, and hydraulic pressure were installed on sugarcane loaders. By coordinating various actions, these sensors helped define an algorithm for counting cane loads and geolocating them. Additionally, four load cells were incorporated as part of the productivity monitors in harvesters, which later evolved into a single load cell for increased versatility.   These systems require continuous monitoring and discipline for proper maintenance and operation. Over time, other sugar mills adopted this technology, and by 2013, it had become widespread. It is estimated that ...more