1. Development of an In-line Sc-ise Sensor System for Closed Hydroponic Nutrient Monitoring

Nutrient monitoring is crucial in closed hydroponic systems, where accurate control over individual ion concentrations directly influences crop yield and fertilizer efficiency. While electrical conductivity (EC) sensors are commonly used, they only measure total ionic strength and cannot distinguish between specific ions. Liquid-contact ion-selective electrodes (LC-ISEs) have been studied as an alternative but tend to suffer from durability issues and signal instability under the high-flow conditions... Y. Jang, W. Cho