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1. Early Detection of Oil Palm Fungal Disease Infestation Using A Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy TechniqueBasal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense is known as the most destructive disease of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. Ganoderma could potentially reduce the market share of palm oil for Malaysia. Currently Malaysia produces about 50% of the world’s supply of palm oil. Early, accurate, and non-destructive diagnosis of Ganoderma fungal infection is critical for management of this disease. Early disease management of Ganoderma could also prevent great losses in production and... S. Liaghat, S. Mansor, H. Shafri, S. Meon, R. Ehsani, S. Azam, N. Noh |
2. Natural Resources Management through Frontier Technologies - A Case Study from IndiaThe social and economic development of the state is interlaced with our natural resources, and the manner in which they are managed and exploited. The unplanned development and overexploitation of resources are exerting various... H.H. Gowda, K.A. Reddy, M.B. Patil, R.N. L, U. Shanwad |
3. Landscape Influences on Soil Nitrogen Supply and Water Holding Capacity for Irrigated Corn... T. Shaver, M. Schmer, S. Irmak, S. Van donk, B. Wienhold, V. Jin, A. Bereuter, D. Francis, D. Rudnick, N. Ward, L. Hendrickson, R. Ferguson, V.I. Adamchuk |
4. HLB Detection Using Hyperspectral RadiometryThe need for sustainable agriculture requires the adoption of low input, long-term and cost-effective strategies to overcome the adverse impact of disease and nutritional deficiencies on citrus groves. In this context, early detection of diseased trees has become an important topic in the citrus industry. Multiple factors make field assessment of disease conditions a challenging task: the non-specific nature of many symptoms, the possibility of having localized affections in only certain areas... J. Gonzalez-mora, C. Vallespi gonzalez, R. Ehsani, C.S. Dima, G. Duhachek |
5. Perspectives For Site Specific Application Of Soil Herbicides In Arable FarmingSoil herbicides kill plants via root uptake. The use of soil herbicides can be made more sustainable by adjusting the dosage to the local soil condition. This so called Variable Rate Application (VRA) is the core of Precision Farming. Soil herbicides often play an important role in weed control strategies in conventional arable farming. Broad field uniform application is by far the most common application method. However, with increasing advances in sensing and spray... S. Heijting, C. Kempenaar |
6. A Dual Motor Actuator Used To Detach Fruit By Shaking Limbs Of Fruit TreesMechanizing the fruit removal operation during fresh-market apple harvesting will result in considerable cost savings for fruit growers. This study introduces a mechanical fruit removal technique that uses a unique limb shaking mechanism called a Dual Motor Actuator (DMA). The DMA was developed as an infinitely variable end-effector that applies rhythmic motions to a fruiting limb to remove fruit. The novelty of the DMA design is the use of two eccentrics mounted to electric motors... M. De kleine, M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, K. Lewis |
7. Effect Of Time Of Application On Spray Coverage Using Solid Set Canopy Delivery SystemPermanent or solid set canopy delivery system can be used for foliar application in tree fruit orchards. The emitters are placed along the tree rows and are very close to tree canopy. During spray application droplets quickly get deposited on tree canopy and coverage of up to 90% could be achieved. However concerns still exist regarding critical time required to achieve target coverage using SSCD system. This knowledge of selecting an appropriate application time could help growers... M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, A. Sharda |
8. World Patent Map Analysis Of Mechanization Technologies Relatitng To Rice ProductionPatents comprise a unique source for technological knowledge. They are considered to be a good proxy for invention skills, R&D activities and for the scope of technological innovation of countries, regions, sectors and firms. Rice is one of the main field crops. The research focuses on patent mechanization technologies of soil working, planting and harvesting of rice production. Based on DWPI patent database and TI patent analysis software. The temporal examination by publication year... X. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Yi |
9. Use Of Active Radiometers To Estimate Biomass, Leaf Area Index, And Plant Height In CottonActive radiometers have been tested extensively as tools to assess in-season nitrogen (N) status of crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Fewer studies target in-season plant growth parameters such as biomass, plant height or leaf area index (LAI). Uses of this plant data include simulation modeling, total N uptake measurements, evapotranspiration (ET) estimates and irrigation... K.R. Thorp, J.W. White, M.M. Conley, J. Mon, K.F. Bronson |
10. Detection of Nitrogen Stress on Winter Wheat by Multispectral Machine VisionHand-held sensors (SPAD meter, N-Tester, …) used for detecting the leaves nitrogen concentration (Nc) present several drawbacks. The nitrogen concentration is gained by an indirect way through the chlorophyll concentration and the leaves have to be fixed in a defined position for the measurements. These drawbacks could be overcome by an imaging device that measures the canopy reflectance. Hence, the objective of the paper is to analyse the potential of multispectral imaging for detecting... M. Destain, V. Leemans, G. Marlier, J. Goffart, B. Bodson, B. Mercatoris, F. Gritten |
11. Surplus Science and a Non-linear Model for the Development of Precision Agriculture TechnologyThe advent of ‘big data technologies’ such as hyperspectral imaging means that Precision Agriculture (PA) developers now have access to superabundant and highly heterogeneous data. The authors explore the limitations of the classic science model in this situation and propose a new non-linear process that is not based on the premise of controlled data scarcity. The study followed a science team tasked with developing highly advanced hyperspectral techniques for a ‘low... M.Z. Cushnahan, I.J. Yule, B.A. Wood, R. Wilson |
12. Steering Strategy Selection of a Robotic Platform for Bin Management in Orchard EnvironmentFor a robotic bin-managing system working in an orchard environment, especially in modern narrow row spaced orchards in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the U.S., path planning is an essential function to achieve highly efficient bin management. Unlike path planning for a car-like vehicle in an open field, path planning for a four-wheel-independent-steered (4WIS) robotic bin-managing platform in orchard environment is much more challenging due to the very confined working space between tree... Y. Ye, L. He, Q. Zhang |
13. The Daily Erosion Project - High Resolution, Daily Estimates of Runoff, Detachment, Erosion, and Soil MoistureRunoff and sediment transport from agricultural uplands are substantial threats to water quality and sustained crop production. Farmers, conservationists, and policy makers must understand how landforms, soil types, farming practices, and rainfall affect soil erosion and runoff in order to improve management of soil and water resources. A system was designed and implemented a decade ago to inventory precipitation, runoff, and soil erosion across the state of Iowa, United States. That system utilized... B.K. Gelder, R. Cruse, D. James, D. Herzmann, C. Sandoval-green, T. Sklenar |
14. Net Returns and Production Use Efficiency for Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Nitrogen Technologies in Cotton ProductionThis research evaluated the profitability and N use efficiency of real time on-the-go optical sensing measurements (OPM) and variable-rate technologies (VRT) to manage spatial variability in cotton production in the Mississippi River Basin states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. Two forms of OPM and VRT and the existing farmer practice (FP) were used to determine N fertilizer rates applied to cotton on farm fields in the four states. Changes in yields and N rates due to OPM... J.A. Larson, M. Stefanini, D.M. Lambert, X. Yin, C.N. Boyer, J.J. Varco, P.C. Scharf , B.S. Tubaña, D. Dunn, H.J. Savoy, M.J. Buschermohle, D.D. Tyler |
15. Corn Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Models Based on Soil Hydrologic Groups Aid in Predicting Economically Optimal Nitrogen RatesNitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations that match corn (Zea mays L.) N needs maximize grower profits and minimize water quality consequences. However, spatial and temporal variability makes determining future N requirements difficult. Studies have shown no single soil or weather measurement is consistently increases accuracy, especially when applied over a regional scale, in predicting economically optimal N rate (EONR). Basing site N response on soil hydrological group could help account for... G.M. Bean, N.R. Kitchen, J.J. Camberato, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, C.A. Laboski, E.D. Nafziger, J.E. Sawyer, P.C. Scharf |
16. Real-time Detection of Picking Region of Ridge Planted Strawberries Based on YOLOv5s with a Modified NeckRobotic strawberry harvesting requires machine vision system to have the ability to detect the presence, maturity, and location of strawberries. Strawberries, however, can easily be bruised, injured, and even damaged during robotic harvest if not picked properly because of their soft surfaces. Therefore, it is important to cut or pick the strawberry stems instead of picking the fruit directly. Additionally, real-time detection is critical for robotic strawberry harvesting to adapt to the changing... Z. He, K. Manoj, Q. Zhang, S. Kshetri |
17. Diagnosis of Grapevine Nutrient Content Using Proximal Hyperspectral ImagingNutrient deficiencies on grapevines could affect the fruit yield and quality, which is a major concern in vineyards. Nutrient deficiencies may be recognizable by foliar symptoms that vary by mineral nutrient and stress severity, but it is too late to manage when visible deficiency symptoms become apparent. The nutrient analysis in the laboratory is the way to get an accurate result, but it is time and cost-intensive. The differences in leaf nutrient levels also alter spectral characteristics outside... C. Kang, M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, N. Shcherbatyuk, P. Davadant, M. Keller |
18. Remote and Proximal Sensing for Sustainable Water Use in Almond Orchards in Southeast Spain in a Digital Farming ContextThe increasing expansion of irrigated almond orchards in regions of southeast Spain, facing water scarcity, underscores the need for a more effective and precise monitoring of the crop water status to optimize irrigation scheduling and improve crop water use efficiency. Remote and proximal sensing, combining visible, multispectral and thermal capabilities at different scales allows to estimate water needs, detect and quantify crop water stress, or identify different productivity zones within an... |
19. Participatory Irrigation Extension Programs to Increasing Adoption of Best Irrigation StrategiesFarmers in Alabama, Tennessee, and other US southeastern states lack experience in irrigation water management and adoption of the state-of-the-art technologies and practices to increase irrigation water use efficiency. Several federal and state-funded projects are being implemented to demonstrate and train farmers and consultants on irrigation scheduling strategies and variable rate irritation. Half a dozen on-farm demonstration sites are selected every year to evaluate, demonstrate, and train... L. Nunes, E. Francisco, R. Prasad, B.V. Ortiz, E. Abban-baidoo , M. Worosz, M. Robinette , C. O'connor, A. Gamble |
20. Spectral Imaging Deep Learning Mapper for Precision AgricultureWith the growing variety of RGB cameras, spectral sensors, and platforms like field robots or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in precision agriculture, there is a demand for straightforward utilization of collected field data. In recent years, deep learning has gained significant attention and delivered impressive results in the realm of computer vision tasks, such as semantic segmentation. These models have also found extensive applications in research related to precision agriculture and spectral... L. Thomas, B. Jakimow, A. Janz, P. Hostert, A. Lajunen |
21. Color Identification and Texture Features of Phalaenopsis Using Deep LearningAs one of the most economically important and widely traded ornamental plants worldwide, Phalaenopsis hold a significant position in the global floriculture industry. The breeding process is traditionally labor-intensive, requiring careful visual assessment of numerous floral traits to select desirable varieties, which underscores the need for scalable, automated solutions. To enhance the efficiency of Phalaenopsis breeding and accelerate phenotypic comparison across varieties,... Y. Kuo |
22. Lauraceae Timber Identification Using Vision TransformerThe forest coverage in Taiwan exceeds 60%, yet over 99% of annual timber consumption relies on imports. This significant dependence, coupled with frequent incidents of wood misidentification and fraud, highlights the need for accurate and efficient wood species identification systems. Conventional approaches, such as microscopic analysis and sensory- based macroscopic inspection, are labor-intensive, subjective, and require domain expertise, making them unsuitable for large-scale or real-time... Y. Kuo |
23. Dual-channel Imaging and Two-stage Deep Learning for Fertility Detection of Duck EggsIn Taiwan, the waterfowl industry generates a production value of NT$11.2 billion, of which meat ducks contribute about 80% (≈NT$8.9 billion). As the upstream segment of the duck meat industry, the hatching process of duck eggs plays a critical role in duck production. Fertilized eggs require a clean incubation environment to develop properly. To protect this environment, unfertilized eggs need to be removed at an early stage, which makes fertility detection essential. However, conventional candling... Y. Kuo |
24. Applying Retrieval-augmented-generation to Support Farmers in Pest and Disease DiagnosisAccording to the Ministry of Agriculture, crop production in Taiwan reached a value of $275 billion NTD in 2023, highlighting the economic importance of agriculture. However, the industry is now facing serious challenges, particularly in pest and disease identification and crop protection. Due to global ecological challenges, the manifestations of local pests and diseases have changed, making it difficult for farmers to rely on past experiences to identify and manage them effectively. Farmers... Y. Kuo |
25. Nighttime Piglet Detection Using Deep LearningIn 2023, Taiwan’s pig industry was valued at over NT$85.1 billion, representing nearly 40% of total livestock production. However, effective piglet management remains a challenge due to environmental variability, frequent aggressive behaviors, and labor shortages—especially during nighttime. Traditional monitoring methods rely on manual observation, which is time-consuming, subjective, and impractical for continuous surveillance. To address this, we propose an automated nighttime piglet... Y. Kuo |
26. Phalaenopsis Seedling Assessment Using Leaf Contour Detection with YOLOIn this study, we propose a vision-based approach for automatically measuring the morphological traits of Phalaenopsis seedlings. By utilizing top-view and side-view images, our method automatically extracts leaf contours to replace traditional manual measurements. A YOLOv8n-seg model was employed to segment the seedlings, and further correction strategies were introduced to improve accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of our approach to support large-scale seedling classification... Y. Kuo |
27. Automated Identification of Tomato Diseases, Pests, and Disorders Using Ai Models and Smartphone ApplicationsTomato is one of the most important economic crops in many countries, with a substantial global production volume. However, tomato growth is often affected by diseases, pests, and physiological disorders (DPD), which typically manifest as symptoms on leaves, such as specks, yellowing, necrosis, or leaf deformation. These issues significantly reduce tomato yield and quality. Therefore, accurately identifying these symptoms and implementing corresponding management strategies have become crucial.... Y. Kuo |
28. Detecting and Removing Defective Carcasses of Taiwanese Native Chickens Using Convolutional Neural NetworksPoultry is one of the most important sources of meat worldwide. In 2023, the production value of poultry in Taiwan reached 59.8 billion NTD, accounting for 27.8% of the economic value of the animal husbandry industry. Among various chicken breeds, Taiwanese native chickens (TNC) are highly favored by consumers for their meat quality and flavor. As the demand for chicken increases, providing high quality meat to the market has become crucial. Unlike broilers, Taiwanese native chickens have diverse... Y. Kuo |
29. Identification of Citrus Diseases, Pests, and Disorders Using Deep LearningTaiwan’s warm climate offers favorable conditions for citrus production, making it the most economically valuable fruit crop in the country. Citrus trees are perennial and mainly propagated asexually. Long-term exposure and limited genetic diversity make them more susceptible to infection by various pathogens. In practice, diagnosis often relies on farmers’ experience, which can be subjective despite their familiarity with local conditions. Microscopic examination by plant pathologists... Y. Kuo |
30. Automatic Counting of Chickens Around Feeders Using Convolutional Neural NetworksIn 2023, Taiwan’s chicken industry generated about NTD 93.6 billion, or 43.5% of the livestock production value, underscoring its central role in the sector. Nonetheless, monitoring flock health and housing remains labor-intensive, and adjustments to feeding regimes frequently depend on subjective judgment, limiting standardization and scalability. Because feeding behavior is a key indicator of health and welfare, we present a vision-based system that continuously detects feeders and counts... Y. Kuo |
31. Automated Selection of Taiwan Native Breeding Chickens Using Machine Vision and Deep LearningChicken is a primary global source of protein. In Taiwan, the poultry sector is a cornerstone of the domestic food supply. A significant part of this sector is the Taiwan Native Chicken (TNC), a collection of indigenous breeds prized for their unique flavor and cultural value, generating over 26 billion New Taiwan Dollars in 2023. Maintaining the quality of TNC relies on the effective selection of superior breeders. Conventionally, this selection is performed through manual inspection of phenotypic... Y. Kuo |
32. Identification of Cucumber Pests, Diseases, and Disorders Using Deep LearningCucumber is an essential economic crop worldwide, which is typically cultivated in summer. The hot and humid conditions make them highly susceptible to various pests, diseases, and physiological disorders, which hinder their growth and lead to significant yield losses. Early and accurate detection is vital to limiting the spread of diseases or pests. However, traditional diagnostic approaches rely heavily on visual inspection by experienced farmers or microscopic examination by specialists, which... Y. Kuo |
33. Monitoring Chicken Houses with AI Surveillance SystemIn Taiwan, the need of chicken meat accounts for approximately 30% of total livestockvproduction. In order to maintaining animal welfare, floor-rearing chicken farming approaches are widely used in Taiwan. However, traditional poultry management is often labor-intensive which increases the risk of disease transmission. To improve monitoring efficiency, we proposed a smart rail surveillance system to automatically monitor chickens for real-time chicken health assessment. The system comprised a... Y. Kuo |