1. Comparative Analysis of YOLOv3–YOLOv12 Architectures for Automatic Oil Palm Detection in Agricultural Monitoring

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is considered the most productive oilseed crop worldwide, and Brazil holds one of the greatest global potentials for palm oil production. Efficient monitoring of cultivated areas is therefore essential for proper crop management, enabling the detection of planting gaps, yield estimation, and decision-making support. In this context, computer vision techniques based on deep learning models, particularly those from the YOLO (You Only Look Once) family, have... M.C. Arnosti, A. Felipe dos santos, T. Costa barboza, L.S. Souza pinto, E. Amaral, G. Lacerda da silveira, G. Valdes fernandez